...No Fate, No Bad Luck, No Excuses, Simply Man, His Choices, And The

...No fate, no bad luck, no excuses, simply man, his choices, and the situation in which he finds himself... -Anonymous The concepts of existence and human freedom have been presented by Jean-Paul Sartre in his book entitled Being and Nothingness. However, Sartre also presents other related concepts, such as bad faith which has been referred to as a device that protects us from the anguish of realizing that we are freer than we like to think we are. Analyzing his examples and my own, Sartre's bad faith theory will hopefully be illumined and broken down. He believes bad faith is to not acknowledge one's right to make choices and be more than what you are. His view however is flawed in its complexity, there are loopholes and rules that should not be there, his stereotypes are too chiseled. But before delving into bad faith I would like to give some background on several of the philosophies I found while reading his book. In his early philosophic work -- Being and Nothingness -- Sartre conceived humans as beings who create their own world by rebelling against authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their actions; unaided by society, traditional morality, or religious faith. Distinguishing between human existence and the non-human world, he maintained that human existence is characterized by nothingness, that is, by the capacity to negate and rebel. By distinguishing between two things, you create this idea of nothingness. His theory of existential psychoanalysis asserted the inescapable responsibility of all individuals for their own decisions and made the recognition of one's absolute freedom of choice the necessary condition for authentic human existence. This freedom of choice is the root of Sartre's bad faith theory. To be what you are, to recognize what you are... but not only be that. "It is best to choose and to examine one determined attitude which is essential to human reality and determined attitude which is essential to human reality and which is such that consciousness instead of directing its negation outward turns it toward itself. This attitude, it seems to me, is bad faith" (87). Thus, choice is the epitome of Sartre's bad faith philosophy, and a controversial one at that. I agree with his concept of bad faith, but he does take it too far in my philosophical opinion, but I will get to that after I introduce Sartre's point of view. Let us take for example the waiter in the caf?. "His movement is quick and forward, a little too precise, a little too rapid" (101). Sartre is convinced that the man is playing at being a waiter in a caf?. The waiter has the duties of being a waiter: getting up early, sweeping the caf?, starting the coffee pots. Because of these obligations, the waiter takes on a certain persona, which really makes his being a waiter. In other words, he accepts this responsibility as a sort of costume that he can not take off. His whole life is affected because of a choice he made that he now lives by. Without realizing that he is in bad faith and can choose to do things differently, he is by default not living in good faith, being free to choose how to live. This case of the waiter is definitely one of Sartre's more controversial examples because the waiter could ultimately be in good faith by choosing to be a free-minded waiter who knows he is more than just a waiter, while he is working. People ta ke many things for granted; the clean air in Santa Cruz, or the freedom of choice in any situation. I became confused about bad faith when I began to consider the individual who fully takes the responsibility of being a free-minded, choice making individual. Is this person in bad faith because they are being "good faith"? To clarify, let's pretend Descartes (pretend Descartes knows of Sartre and his philosophies) tries so hard to not be in bad faith that he is the opposite of bad faith, he is by default in bad faith because he is living a life of nothing but good faith. Sartre hints on this himself, "We must note in fact that the project of bad faith must be

Mesopotamian And Egyptian Rulers

Mesopotamian And Egyptian Rulers There are a few similarities between the attitudes that people, in both Mesopotamia and Egypt, had about their rulers. Despite theses similarities, there were also significant differences. There were very different definitions of who ruled, and how they ruled, each land.Mesopotamia was the first identifiable civilization in the Ancient world. Located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, it was given its name by the Greeks, literally meaning "the country between rivers." The name referred mainly to the land of Sumer, however it also included the countries of Akkad, Babylonia and Assyria. All were connected by the Tigris and the Euphrates, which flooded swiftly and irregularly (at different times during the year).Ancient Egypt was located closer to the Nile and Indus rivers. The Nile Valley of Egypt was notably different from the Tigris and Euphrates. The waters flowed slowly and flooded on a much more predictable basis .PharaohRock walls and barren desert closed off Egypt from the rest of the continent.In Mesopotamia, it was believed that gods ruled the world. They were said to have behaved like human beings only they lived much longer; they existed forever. Each individual god embodied the most important natural entities; they were earth, sky, sun, moon, storm, fresh water and salt water. Statues, set in individual temples, represented each god. They inhabited the statues in the same manner that souls inhabit human bodies .Mesopotamian cities developed around the temples of the gods. The people of these cities were servants to their gods. If they served them well, they would reap the benefits. However, if the gods were not pleased, there would be severe repercussions in the form of famine, invasion and so forth .The people of Mesopotamia believed that the gods were petty, just as people could...

Construction Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Construction Economics - Essay Example Vegetables, for example is a homogeneous product while soap is not. Because the consumer will not care who supplies the product, there is tougher competition among suppliers. There is freedom of entry and exit. Firms can easily enter the market without impediments brought about by old timers and should they decide that the market is no longer attractive, they can leave without problems. Suppliers of trout, for example, will experience this type of freedom. Lastly, there is perfect information, i.e., no unknowns in the market. Price, supply and demand information is available to all players regardless of size and status. Stock trading of Gold for example, has the information readily available for all players to use in their trade. It maybe hard to find a market under perfect competition, despite the examples mentioned above. However, it definition is made for the purpose of differentiating other market structures present in the real world (Baumol and Blinder, 2009, p. 199). Economics as a subject tends to be viewed as neutral and objective, even emotionless when expressed in terms of humanity. However modern economists have taken the view that motives and emotions do play an intrinsic part in economy principles and decision. Emotions affect businesses. In his paper, Gopal asserts that there is a fifth element in which business can retain customers and their profitability apart from the four P’s of marketing – a better product, a lower price, an attractive promotion, or a more convenient location (placement)—the fifth being people (2004). All businesses have human customers at the end of the chain, who are needed to realize profits. Gallup research found out that 70% of customers’ decisions are based on positive interactions with the sales staff (cited in Gopal, 2004), thus the evidence of an emotionally-driven economy. Staveren shares the same view in his dissertation that

Columbian Exposition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Columbian Exposition - Essay Example The fair’s lead architect and overseer of the design and planning of the fair’s main buildings were Daniel Burnham. These massive, neoclassical structures came to be known, commonly, as the White City. Despite their elegant appearance, the buildings were made from wood frames wrapped in staff, a plaster mixture that creates the illusion of stone (Rydell and Wells-Barnet, 33). The White City was lasting for not more than six months. The exhibition closed in late October 1893 and that winter, almost all of the buildings came down due to the massive fire. The documents that follow present the history of the Columbian Exposition in comparison to the history of Chicago. With the town’s location on the Michigan, there was the facilitation of access to road, sea as well as rail. It was a congregation of ideas, men, and technologies from every part of the world, with each country putting forth the best of their industrial, cultural, commercial and educational enterprises . The Renaissance style of the expositional buildings was unlatches by its architectural beauty. The Exposition itself was a work of art. The Exposition was a brilliant show of science, art, and industry. All the people of the world have its pilgrimage to Columbian Exposition. The fair’s contribution to the restoration and development of Chicago as a whole is without the doubt great. The over 40,000 skilled laborers and workers who took part in the construction of the fair--at Jackson Park together with Burnham.

My Tiger Mom Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Tiger Mom - Assignment Example Music is supposed to be about freedom, right? Not at all! Tiger moms choose what you can play. Playing the piano is a requirement. You can’t just play for fun. You play for the win. FTW- For The Win. I hate that urban acronym. It’s always about that. FTW. You can’t be second in anything, or worse, the third. Excel in almost everything! Or face the wrath of your Tiger mom! At first, I thought I played the piano only for my Mom. But I actually loved it. I loved how my fingers created music. I love my piano. I love my music. I love music. I excelled in playing the piano for some time, but soon enough, my peers surpassed me. Mom wasn’t too pleased. I tried my best, but I gave up. I wanted to do something else. I still play the piano, but only when I feel like it. Only when my soul wants me to. Mom didn’t mind because I was doing great in school. Her priority, I mean, our priority, is academic success. Now, let’s talk about sports. My mom was not into sports so much. But she let me swim. I swam and I was free, but not as free as I wanted to be. I wanted sleepovers and more time with my friends. Not that we talked about these things in China. My friends and I only imagined our days of freedom together, falling in love with strangers, and making mistakes.

Macbeth | Analysis | Morality

Macbeth | Analysis | Morality The question of morality goes well in hand with the story of Macbeth, the wayward man who chose, at the encouragement of his wife, to kill the king. Morality is more than just the typical right and wrong, its also about good and evil. The only elements that have proved satisfying in Shakespeares ending is the clear and unambiguous triumph of good over evil (Orgel and Braunmuller, 2002, p. 1620). So, with the question of good and evil swinging in the balance and Macbeth losing sight of his morals, were his wrongs truly righted? Initially, Macbeth disputed the witches prophecy that he would be king, but upon telling his wife the news, she could not let the idea die. She was determined that not only would her husband succeed, but so would she. She derived the plan to rid the world of dear King Duncan and after some difficulty persuading Macbeth to follow through with it, all plans were a go. Harry Jaffa wrote, Lady Macbeth had been the force driving her husbands ambition (Jaffa, 2007). This seems to be true. After all, Macbeth was deadest on not killing Duncan. The king had been good to Macbeth, good to everyone in fact, and there was no reason to kill him. Nevertheless, Lady Macbeth gets what Lady Macbeth wants. Relaying the plan to Macbeth she says, And well not fail. When Duncan is asleep,/ Whereto the rather shall his days hard journey/ Soundly invite him, his two chamberlains/ Will I with wine and wassail so convince/ That memory, the wander of the brain, Shall be a fume, and the receipt of reason/ A lim beck only (Orgel and Braunmuller, 2002, p. 1628). Shes a conniving little madam, thinking things through so far that she has a scapegoat, two poor guards that never knew what hit them. Almost instantaneously, guilt begins to enrapture Macbeth and his wife, maybe even before the murder, with Macbeth vision of a dagger. This initial hint of remorse is not recognized by the pair, for they are still focused on what they have just done. Perhaps, it is also not recognized because they have not felt shame like this before. Immediately after the killing of King Duncan, the couple begins to notice the sounds of an owl, but there is really nothing to be heard. This is the first of their strange hallucinations brought on by unconscious guilt. Later on, Macbeth sees the ghost of Banquo sitting in his chair at dinner after he [Macbeth] is named King. He believes that someone is playing a joke on him, but his dinner guests believe he has gone mad. Other visions present themselves as the play progresses, and Macbeth seems to lose his grip on sanity each time one occurs. Meanwhile, Lady Macbeth is dealing with her own guilt, which she is feeling only during sleep while sleepwalkin g. As she sleeps, she believes she is talking to herself and then to her husband, but a doctor and gentlewoman are with her. She says, Out, damned spot! Out, I say! One- / two-why then tis time to dot. Hell is murky. Fie, my/ lord, fie! A soldier and afeard? What need we fear who/ knows it, when none can call out power to account? Yet/ who would have thought the old man to have had so/ much blood in him? (Orgel and Braunmuller, 2002, p. 1646). Clearly, despite the way both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth appear, they know the difference between right and wrong. Lady Macbeth all but says that she doesnt care what has to be done as long as her husband becomes king. They may not outwardly show that they feel remorse over the conspiracy, but their conscience is certainly telling them what they did was wrong. Its as if they had Jiminy Cricket tagging along with them saying you really shouldnt have done that. Ultimately, justice was served to Macbeth and his lady. They conspired to kill a beloved king, and in the end, they got what they deserved. Rightly so, Lady Macbeth took her own life. As readers, this isnt known until the very last scene of the play when Malcolm makes his speech. He says, Who, as tis thought, by self and violent hands/ Took off her life (Orgel and Braunmuller, 2002, p. 1650). Macduff, seeking his revenge on Macbeth for his family being slaughtered, served Macbeth his justice. Afterward, Macduff chops Macbeths head off and brings it to Malcolm. Malcolms closing statement is, As calling home our exiled friends abroad/ That fled the snares of watchful tyranny, /Producing forth the cruel ministers /Of this butcher and his fiendlike queen (Orgel and Braunmuller, 2002, p. 1650). Some argue that justice was not served since it was Macduff and not Malcolm that delivered Macbeths death sentence. Historically, this is what happened: Macbeth was killed in battle by Malcolm, not Macduff (Orgel and Braunmuller, 2002, p. 1620). While Justice may not have been served the way everyone wanted, it was served accordingly. Justice always prevails in some way, be it in the form of death or some other tragedy. While this justice may not have occurred the way some people wanted, or even expected, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth paid for their crime. Morality is being able to distinguish the difference between right and wrong and good and evil. The pair knew what they were doing was both evil and wrong, yet they chose to proceed anyway because they wanted to succeed. It is only appropriate that the couple be punished for the murder of King Duncan. Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth will be punished with eternal, fiery torment in hell, the lady for taking her own life and Macbeth for taking Duncans. After all, the old saying goes, theres no rest for the wicked.

Death of naturalist Essay -- English Literature

Death of naturalist This poem is a fertile mixture of imagery, sounds and an impression created by nature on people’s mind. Heaney sensualises an outstanding fear of the physical wonders of the world. He vividly describes his childhood experience that precipitates his change as a boy from the receptive and protected innocence of childhood to the fear and uncertainty of adolescence. As he wonders along the pathways of salient discovery, Heaney’s imagination bursts into life. The title of the poem is amusingly ironic – by a naturalist we would normally think of someone with expert scientific knowledge of living things and ecology. The poem ‘Death of a naturalist’ has quite a lot of emotional images because it’s the poet’s memory and he is reminiscing. There are a number of poetic devices to create an image. Firstly, the poet uses the metaphor ‘in the heart of the town land’ to add interest to the poem. He also uses languages like ‘sweltered’ and ‘punishing sun’ to convey to the reader the hot summers day Heaney remembers. Nature is also brought up in the poem by ...

The Day I Will Never Forget

Cassandra SmithOctober 13, 2011 EnglishFormal 2 The Day I Will Never Forget The hardest thing I had to face in my life when I was younger was when I was thirteen. That day would be July 14, 2005 and it is the day my grandmother passed away. My family and I went through so much about seven months prior to her passing. We got through the tragedy. She was eighty-two years old at the time. I will never forget her telling me the night before that she had to go to the doctors for a check-up meanwhile I was in school but when I got home, I would go right up to my grandmas. We lived on the same property. That day I went up there I remember her telling me that she had cancer and the doctors gave her six months to live, maximum. I was devastated and I didn’t know what to think. I was so close with her so it was hard for me to handle. We moved into her house three months before she went and we took care of her while no one else. That summer morning on July 14, 2005, I remember my parents, my brother and I sitting on the porch. My cousin came over to see her around 8:30 and then she left because she had to head to work. It was ten minutes to nine and I laid on the couch that was located on the porch. I remember how everything was set up. I remember the living room, the porch, just everything in that house. The couch was a sand tan color with a floral design and a table diagonal from where it sat. Nine o’clock rolled around, my father walked in to see if she was alright but when he came back to the porch he said, â€Å"She’s gone†. Those words hit me like a meteorite falling out of the sky hitting Earth. I immediately started crying because it just didn’t seem real to me. The crazy thing is a few days before she passed I made a picture of a cross with the date and year of when she was going to die and my picture was right. It was just scary. That day and the next few weeks were chaos. My father had to call all the family, set up the obituary and the funeral services. The next few days I would cry myself to sleep, cry all day. I didn’t know how to cope with what was going on around me, I was only thirteen. My parents called the funeral home and told them what happened; the directors came and took her. The family didn’t want my brother or I in the house so they sent us back to my house. Of course, I put up a fight because I didn’t want to leave, I didn’t want her dead. I wanted her here. The following week was hectic with the funeral arrangements, sitting down and talking about everything so it could go in the paper. I stayed in my room on the computer while the family gathered in my living room to talk about what they wanted to write for the piece. My cousin took my brother and I shopping in Kingston to get an outfit for the funeral; I didn’t know what to pick out but my brother found his right away. The following year was the hardest because I knew she was gone. I knew I couldn’t just walk across the drive way to visit her like I normally would have, I can’t sit with her and watch television, I can’t sit and help her with her word search books. All I thought was why did she have to go so soon? I didn’t want to accept it but it was life and I had to accept it; it was reality that I had to face. I talked to my dad about how I felt and what was going on and both my parents supported me through the whole thing. My mom and my dad knew how close I was with her. Two years later, my house burnt down while I was at school and when I arrived home I was just worried about my dad and the rest of my family. The one thing that was crazy in the house was there was one picture of my dad’s family on the wall and the fire never touched it; all my family had the instinct that my grandmother was in the house as the guardian angel. I know that she is looking down on me and my family because of the events that have taken place from when she passed up until now but I know she will be looking down on me all the way up until I die.

Orestia as the Classical Music Sample essay

Orestia as the Classical Music Sample essay Orestia as the Classical Music Sample essay Orestia as the Classical Music Sample essayOrestia is the classical work of the ancient art which has multiple interpretations in different forms of art which revealed the popularity and relevance of the idea and importance of the theme raised in this work of art. At this point, it is possible to refer to the musical representation of Orestia which has multiple interpretations but still conveys the key message of the avenge for the father’s murder.In this regard, it is possible to refer to the Chorus of Orestia which introduces the entire story and gives insight into the further events that unfold in the story. Furthermore, Agamemnon Orestia, Clytaemnestra A Orestia, Aegisthus A Oresteia, conveys the complications of the story. The tone and rhythm grows tense and the story raises the attention of the audience making listeners more and more involved into the storyline.The next stage in the development of Orestia sstory is conveyed through Cassandra Orestia and Orestes A Orestia m, which reveal the upcoming denouement of the story and prepare the audience to the final scene which is going to uncover the ultimate avenge Orestia for the father’s murder.The final scene Furies Orestia reveals the full power of the avenge and the strong desire of Orestia to restore the justice. The music conveys the deep sense of the fury which electrifies the atmosphere and the audience feels the authentic emotions and the story of Orestia.Thus, Orestia conveys the story of the agenge and feelings of Orestia are clearly conveyed to the audience with the help of the change of the tone, pitch and rhythm of music.

Case Study - Sources of International Law, Non-binding agreements Treaties The WritePass Journal

Case Study - Sources of International Law, Non-binding agreements Treaties Abstract Case Study Sources of International Law, Non-binding agreements Treaties : 75). Nevertheless, the parties to the agreement must intend for it to be binding at international law (Villiger, 1985: 35). This does appear to be the case given that the agreement contains a unilateral Statement because as was confirmed by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in Australia v France, New Zealand v France 1974 ICJ Rep 253;  unilateral statements of States are legally binding in appropriate circumstances. The legal status of this agreement is that it is therefore a Treaty and legally binding. As such, Iran will no longer be sanctioned for developing a nuclear programme, which they claim to be for peaceful purposes. Are Resolutions of the SC sources of International Law/Binding? Resolutions of the SC generally have binding effect; Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding SC Resolution 276 (1970) Advisory Opinion of 21 June 1971, although there has been some focus by the ICJ on their other effects, such as authorising effect and (dis)empowering effect (Basak, 1969: 385). The effect of the resolution will, nonetheless, depend entirely on its type . This is because a SC resolution may either be a recommendation or a decision, which are not clearly defined in the Charter. As a result, it is often difficult to determine the legal effects of such resolutions (Johnson, 1955: 107), however the Court generally refers to binding resolutions as decisions and non-binding resolutions as recommendations; Certain Expenses of the United Nations (Article 17, Paragraph 2 of the Charter) [1962] ICJ Rep 151, at 163. SC resolutions resolution are binding if they create obligations on its recipients and if they are made under Chapter VII (Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace and Acts of Agression). Since the Joint Action Plan agreement imposes obligations on its State parties and contains a threat to the peace, it is likely that this will again render it a binding resolution. However, it has been pointed out by Hollis that the agreement is not binding on the basis that it implies something aspirational rather than required.(Hollis, 2013: 1). This is evident from the wording; The goal for these negotiations is to reach a mutually-agreed long-term comprehensive solution that would ensure Iran’s nuclear programme will be exclusively peaceful (Geneva, 2014: 1). Therefore, whilst it seems that the agreement is a legally binding resolution, the fact that only recommendations are being made may suggest that it is not and sceptics have   argued that the plan is just a false front for the Iranians in order to have sanctions lifted (Midwest Diplomacy, 2013: 1). Therefore, although SC sources of international law are binding, it has been questioned whether Iran should be provided with the ability to develop their nuclear programme even further as this could have disastrous effects (Zand, 2014: 1). In case of conflict between this agreement and previous SC Resolutions which one should prevail? The determination as to whether SC decisions possess an overriding binding effect will be determined on a case by case basis. However, it is usually the case that SC recommendations will not have an overriding binding effect; Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention Arising from the Aeriel Incident at Lockerbie (Libya v UK) Preliminary Objection [1998] ICJ Rep 9, at 26,   whilst SC decisions will; Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations [1949] ICJ Rep 174. Therefore, if the Joint Action Plan is merely a recommendation then this will not be binding and will therefore   not prevail over previous SC Resolutions. If the agreement is a decision, however, then it will be prevail as it will have a binding effect. In Lockbie, Provisional Measures [1992] ICJ Rep 3 it was held by the ICJ that pre-empting obligations that flow from traditional sources of international law can be overridden by the normative powers of the SC in order to ensure that peace and security is maintained, yet the binding effect of resolutions will depend on their language, the discussions leading up to it and the provisions of the Charter being invoked (Oberg, 2005: 879). In Application for Review of Judgment no. 273 of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal (‘Mortished affair’) [1982] ICJ Rep 325 Resolution 34/165 reversed the prior decision in Resolution 33/119 in order to avoid two incompatible legal effects co-existing. Therefore, because SC Resolutions 1696 (2006) of 21 July 2006 and 1737 (2006) of 26 December 2006 will be incompatible with the new agreement, they may be reversed if the new agreement has an overriding binding effect. This is highly beneficial for Iran since they deemed the previous resolutions unfair on the basis that they had received different treatment to other States. Comment on the parties of this agreement. What does it say about the equality of States in practice? The doctrine of equality of States covers both legal equality and political equality. Legal equality deals with the legal relations that exist between States, whilst political equality deals with the distribution of economic and military power between States. Because Iran appears to have been given exceptional powers under the new agreement, it is likely that these new powers will be considered contrary to this principle. This is because Iran is effectively being given additional powers to control its nuclear program and is also being protected from any sanctions imposed   by other States. As the doctrine   seeks to ensure that all States are treated equally under international law, States ought to have the same rights and responsibilities as each other (Kelsen, 1952: 156). As this is not being effectuated under this agreement, it is clear that this principle is being contravened. Nevertheless, there is an exception to the doctrine in cases where there has been a breach of the pe ace or an act of aggression that threatened international peace and security. Therefore, because Iran has stated that they aimed to develop nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, the violation of this doctrine will be permitted (Nahar, 2005: 1). This agreement thereby illustrates that the equality of States doctrine may not actually be workable in practice since the doctrine may be contravened if the aim is to maintain international peace and security. Conclusion Overall, it appears as though Irans agreement with the SC and Germany is a Treaty and will therefore have binding effect. This is because the agreement has been made purely to maintain peace and security. Although Irans activities have been met with some suspicion over the years, they have continued to state that the peaceful nature of their activities merely aimed to develop nuclear energy. As this agreement does appear to be a Treaty, it is likely that it will be capable of prevailing over previous SC resolutions. This is welcoming for Iran who were subjected to unfairness as a result of resolutions 1696 and 1737, although   not all would agree with this decision. Hence, many would argued that the agreement conflicts with the equality of States doctrine. Nevertheless, because Iran have stated that they are acting in the interests of national security,  the doctrine will be capable of being breached. Accordingly, the Doctrine is therefore not always workable and in this instance , Iran are being treated more favourably than other States. References Basak, A. (1969) Decisions of the United Nations Organs in Judgements and Opinions of the International Court of Justice; Thierry, Resolutions of international bodies in the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice, Collected Courses, Volume 167. Johnson, A. (1955) ‘The Effect of Resolutions of the General Assembly of the United Nations’, 32 British Year Book of International Law 97. Dixon, M. (2007) Textbook on International Law, London, Oxford University Press. Geneva. (2013) Joint Plan of Action [Online], Available: http://im.ft-static.com/content/images/d0fa3682-5523-11e3-86bc-00144feabdc0.pdf [15 January, 2014]. Fitzmaurice, M. and Elias, O. A. (2005) Contemporary Issues in the Law of Treaties, Netherlands, Eleven International Publishing. Hollis, D. B. (2012) The Oxford Guide to Treaties, London, Oxford University Press. Hollis, D. B. (2013) The New Iran Deal Doesn’t Look Legally Binding. Does It Matter? Opinio Juris, [Online], Available: http://opiniojuris.org/2013/11/24/new-us-iran-deal-doesnt-look-legally-binding-matter/ [14 January 2014]. Kelsen, H. (1952) Principles of International Law, London, The Lawbook Exchange. Kerr, P. K. (2013) Irans Nuclear Program: Tehrans Compliance with International Obligations Congressional Research Service, CRS Report, R40094. Oberg, M. D. (2005) The Legal Effects of Resolutions of the UN Security Council and General Assembly in the Jurisprudence of the ICJ European Journal of International Law, Volume 16, Issue 5. Midwest Diplomacy. (2013) Understanding Iran and the Nuclear Joint Plan of Action [Online], Available: http://egiuliani.wordpress.com/2013/11/24/understanding-iran-and-the-nuclear-joint-plan-of-action/ [14 January 2014]. Nahar, S. (2005) Sovereign Equality Principle in International Law [Online], Available: globalpolitician.com/print.asp?id=4351 [14 January 2014]. (1968) Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Multilateral, [Online], Available: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20729/volume-729-I-10485-English.pdf [13 January, 2014]. Villiger, M. E. (1985) Customary International Law and Treaties: A Study of their interactions and interrelations, with special consideration of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, BRILL.   Ã‚   Zand, L. (2014) Organisations Warn Senate Against New Iran Sanctions Fellowship of Reconciliation, [Online], Available: http://forusa.org/blogs/leila-zand/62-organizations-warn-senate-against-new-iran-sanctions/12813 [20 January, 2014].

Supermarket Prices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Supermarket Prices - Essay Example There are a lot of assumptions about the grocery market in Australia. One of the assumptions is that markets like the Coles and Woolworths have large economies of scale and hence they have cheaper products as compared to other supermarkets. It is also argued that different states have different market sizes, and costs resulting in different prices across the states. It is also assumed that the prices differ according to the location of the store. Further, managers at ALDI claims that they have different prices in the three states. Answer 1 Hypothesis: The null hypothesis is one in which we assume that the difference between the sample means is because of chance. The alternate hypothesis supposes that the samples are affected by some non-random clause (Prince, 2000). The Null hypothesis will be the one which assumes that the average price of all the stores is same. The alternate hypothesis will assume that there is significant difference between the average prices of the 4 supermarkets. Null Hypothesis: H0:  µ1 =  µ2 =  µ3 =  µ4 Alternate Hypothesis: H1:  µ1 ≠   µ2 ≠   µ3 ≠   µ4 Where,  µ1 is the average price at Coles/BI-LO  µ2 is the average price at Woolworths/Safeway  µ3 is the average price at independent stores  µ4 is the average price at ALDI Appropriate Test Since, we are required to compare the means of 4 samples; the appropriate test that shall be performed is the one-way ANOVA (Karris, 2003).

Needs Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Needs Assessment - Assignment Example Some of the considerable changes that were noted before and after the assessment related to the duration which the children brushed their teeth and also the number of times they did this. These responses changed to the positive side. From the discussion, it is also seen that the greatest change in response is to do with the reason why people brush their teeth. After getting the results in the post-assessment it came to be realized that the children gained a better understanding of the importance of brushing their teeth. In order to achieve the expected results or feedback, there are instruments which will have to be used in order to get the necessary information from the target population, the survey instrument that was used in this case was a questionnaire. Some of the goals of the questionnaire were to establish whether the students are well aware of the constituents of good oral hygiene, establish whether they are carrying out the right practice when it comes to their oral hygiene among other goals. Chances are considerably high that an unbiased opinion may be given since the questionnaires do not call for personal details, for example, the name of the respondent and so the respondent may give feedback without fear of victimization. The instrument used may not have provided a conclusive result in the sense that the target population was rather small and for this reason what was gotten from them could not be used to come up with a clear conclusion that would reflect on the situation away from the school. The people involved in the assessment may have played a role in influencing the feedback from the students. This was maybe through the tone and the expressions they used.